The DWC system is a soilless cultivation method that enables efficient plant growth by providing roots with a nutrient-rich solution environment of optimal depth, stable nutrient supply, and sufficient oxygen. This system effectively addresses common soil cultivation challenges such as uneven fertility and soil-borne diseases while allowing precise control of nutrient composition and environmental conditions.

The Deep Water Culture (DWC) system consists of several key components:

A rectangular structure made of hot-dip galvanized pipes with waterproof film lining, typically 15-20cm deep to fully immerse plant roots in nutrient solution.

Includes a reservoir (size varies by scale), water pump (selected based on system requirements), and pipeline system (corrosion-resistant materials like PVC) for continuous nutrient delivery.

Foam board with planting holes holds plastic cups (5-8cm diameter for leafy vegetables) that allow nutrient solution to reach plant roots.

Air compressor and microporous aeration pipe inject oxygen bubbles into the solution to maintain root respiration.

Maintains optimal root zone temperature (18-22°C for lettuce), preventing high-temperature stress and nutrient absorption issues.

The water pump circulates nutrient solution from reservoir to planting bench, while the air pump maintains oxygen levels. Plants absorb nutrients directly from the solution, with regular monitoring and adjustment of pH, EC, and temperature.

Deep solution layer (10-20cm) acts as a "nutrient warehouse" with stable supply and environmental buffering against temperature/pH fluctuations.

Oxygen gradient ensures aerobic respiration while spacious solution allows unrestricted root growth for maximum nutrient absorption.

Transparent containers enable root observation; simple cleaning between cycles reduces disease risk compared to substrate systems.

Ideal for leafy greens (lettuce, spinach) and suitable for fruiting crops (tomatoes, peppers) during early growth stages.